BackgroundForest productivity has a pivotal role in human well-being. Vegetation quantity, niche complementarity, mass-ratio, and soil resources are alternative/complementary ecological mechanisms driving productivity. One challenge in current forest management depends on identifying and manipulating these mechanisms to enhance productivity. This study assessed the extent to which these mechanisms control above-ground biomass productivity (AGBP) of a Chilean mediterranean-type matorral. AGBP measured as tree above-ground biomass changes over a 7-years period, was estimated for twelve 25mx25m plots across a wide range of matorral compositions and structures. Variables related to canopy structure, species and functional diversity, species and functional dominance, soil texture, soil water and soil nitrogen content were measured as surrogates of the four mechanisms proposed. Linear regression models were used to test the hypotheses. A multimodel inference based on the Akaike's information criterion was used to select the best models explaining AGBP and for identifying the relative importance of each mechanism.ResultsVegetation quantity (tree density) and mass-ratio (relative biomass of Cryptocarya alba, a conservative species) were the strongest drivers increasing AGBP, while niche complementarity (richness species) and soil resources (sand, %) had a smaller effect either decreasing or increasing AGBP, respectively. This study provides the first assessment of alternative mechanisms driving AGBP in mediterranean forests of Chile. There is strong evidence suggesting that the vegetation quantity and mass-ratio mechanisms are key drivers of AGBP, such as in other tropical and temperate forests. However, in contrast with other studies from mediterranean-type forests, our results show a negative effect of species diversity and a small effect of soil resources on AGBP.ConclusionAGBP in the Chilean matorral depends mainly on the vegetation quantity and mass-ratio mechanisms. The findings of this study have implications for matorral restoration and management for the production of timber and non-timber products and carbon sequestration.